Author: Jonathan Eisen

I am an evolutionary biologist and a Professor at U. C. Davis. (see my lab site here). My research focuses on the origin of novelty (how new processes and functions originate). To study this I focus on sequencing and analyzing genomes of organisms, especially microbes and using phylogenomic analysis

Blogs getting a bit more respect at UC Davis

Well, to go along with the FreindFeed discussions I have been having recently here is a tidbit of interest. Blogs keep getting a bit more respect at UC Davis. First, there was Egghead, a blog about research at Davis sponsored by University Communications the College of Biological Sciences and edited by Andy Fell of the UC Davis News Service. And now there is “UC Davis Blogs” a web site with details about blogs by UC Davis people also maintained by University Communications. And here is their current list:

Behind the Lens by Karin Higgins

Arts and humanities

Business and law

Science and agriculture

Social science

They have left out a few including one of my favorites: “Mario’s Entangled Bank” by Mario Pineda-Krch but the listing by UC Davis is a good thing.

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This is from the “Tree of Life Blog”
of Jonathan Eisen, an evolutionary biologist and Open Access advocate
at the University of California, Davis. For short updates, follow me on Twitter.

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Darwin on the Wall

Lots of other bloggers posting about this but I got to put it out there too.  Check out the remarkable story of the Darwin Shaped Wall Stain and how it is galvanizing the evolution community – See Evolutionists Flock To Darwin-Shaped Wall Stain.  It is from the Onion.  One of my favorite “news” sources.  Hat tip to many many people for pointing this out.
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This is from the “Tree of Life Blog”
of Jonathan Eisen, an evolutionary biologist and Open Access advocate
at the University of California, Davis. For short updates, follow me on Twitter.

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Predicting the future (for molluscs)

As many of you know, I spend a decent amount of my blogging time trying to come up with funny evolution or genomics related posts. Well, if you like that type of thing, you really have to check out this new site:

The Molluskan Zodiac

The site states

“While most people are familiar with western astrology and with the Chinese zodiac, much less is known about the ‘molluskan zodiac’ (sometimes known as the mariners zodiac). But ask any fisherman, and they will tell you instantly which of the ten signs of the molluskan zodiac they were born under.”

It is very very funny. And real of course. Kudos to Keith Bradnam, who happens to be from the UC Davis Genome Center (where I work) for revealing the inner secrets of these wonderful invertebrates. And while you are checking out the Zodiac, check out Bradnam’s new PLoS One paper on intron length which he authored with Ian Korf. Science humor, invertebrates, and Open Access publishing. Now what could be better than that?

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This is from the “Tree of Life Blog”
of Jonathan Eisen, an evolutionary biologist and Open Access advocate
at the University of California, Davis. For short updates, follow me on Twitter.

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Tracing the evolutionary history of Sarah Palin: links to a parasitic nematode and the pathogenic fungus Botryotinia fuckeliana

You see, as a total sequence analysis dork, when I see names, I frequently ask whether the letters in the name include only letters which are used as amino acid abbreviations. I started this game when the brilliant notes/letters came out in Science in the early 90s about whether ELVIS was overrepresented in protein sequences. Of course, despite being 20 years old, Science still keeps these under wraps requiring registration to see them (see for example the Stevens letter).

Anyway, alas, three of the major candidates for the US election have names that do not use traditional amino acid abbreviations so I am stuck with analyzing Sarah Palin. But that is OK because of her professed aversion to evolution and support to Creationism (and since sequence analysis is inherently an evolutionary study).

So – I took here name and went to the NCBI Blast page and did some searches. And what came up? Well, here are some of the top hits from the blastp searches (which I used to compare the pretend peptide “SARAHPALIN” with all the peptides in the non redundant collection at Genbank).

>ref|XP_001545292.1| Gene info hypothetical protein BC1G_16161 [Botryotinia fuckeliana B05.10]
gb|EDN25226.1| Gene info predicted protein [Botryotinia fuckeliana B05.10]
Length=383

GENE ID: 5425746 BC1G_16161 | hypothetical protein
[Botryotinia fuckeliana B05.10]

Score = 26.9 bits (56),  Expect =   189
Identities = 8/9 (88%), Positives = 8/9 (88%), Gaps = 0/9 (0%)

Query  1    SARAHPALI  9
            SARA PALI 
Sbjct  209  SARAQPALI  217

>ref|YP_061725.1| Gene info homoserine dehydrogenase [Leifsonia xyli subsp. xyli str. CTCB07]
gb|AAT88620.1| Gene info homoserine dehydrogenase [Leifsonia xyli subsp. xyli str. CTCB07]
Length=451

GENE ID: 2939000 thrA | homoserine dehydrogenase
[Leifsonia xyli subsp. xyli str. CTCB07] (10 or fewer PubMed links)

Score = 26.9 bits (56),  Expect =   189
Identities = 8/9 (88%), Positives = 8/9 (88%), Gaps = 0/9 (0%)

Query  1    SARAHPALI  9
            SAR HPALI
Sbjct  267  SARVHPALI  275

>ref|ZP_02031476.1|  hypothetical protein PARMER_01474 [Parabacteroides merdae ATCC
43184]
gb|EDN87136.1|  hypothetical protein PARMER_01474 [Parabacteroides merdae ATCC
43184]
Length=299

Score = 26.1 bits (54),  Expect =   340
Identities = 7/8 (87%), Positives = 8/8 (100%), Gaps = 0/8 (0%)

Query  3    RAHPALIN  10
            RAHPAL+N 
Sbjct  170  RAHPALVN  177
>ref|XP_567332.1| Gene info hypothetical protein CNJ01520 [Cryptococcus neoformans var. neoformans
JEC21]
ref|XP_773201.1| Gene info hypothetical protein CNBJ1950 [Cryptococcus neoformans var. neoformans
B-3501A]
gb|EAL18554.1| Gene info hypothetical protein CNBJ1950 [Cryptococcus neoformans var. neoformans
B-3501A]
gb|AAW45815.1| Gene info hypothetical protein CNJ01520 [Cryptococcus neoformans var. neoformans
JEC21]
Length=437

GENE ID: 3254188 CNJ01520 | hypothetical protein
[Cryptococcus neoformans var. neoformans JEC21] (10 or fewer PubMed links)

Score = 26.1 bits (54),  Expect =   340
Identities = 8/9 (88%), Positives = 8/9 (88%), Gaps = 0/9 (0%)

Query  1    SARAHPALI  9
            SAR HPALI 
Sbjct  415  SARQHPALI  423

>ref|YP_001626035.1| Gene info citrate synthase [Renibacterium salmoninarum ATCC 33209]
gb|ABY24621.1| Gene info citrate synthase [Renibacterium salmoninarum ATCC 33209]
Length=386

GENE ID: 5822379 RSal33209_2898 | citrate synthase 
[Renibacterium salmoninarum ATCC 33209]

Score = 25.7 bits (53),  Expect =   456
Identities = 9/11 (81%), Positives = 9/11 (81%), Gaps = 2/11 (18%)

Query  1    SARAHP--ALI  9
            SARAHP  ALI 
Sbjct  218  SARAHPYAALI  228

>ref|YP_001817256.1| Gene info integral membrane sensor hybrid histidine kinase [Opitutus terrae
PB90-1]
gb|ACB73656.1| Gene info integral membrane sensor hybrid histidine kinase [Opitutus terrae
PB90-1]
Length=936

GENE ID: 6208547 Oter_0366 | integral membrane sensor hybrid histidine kinase
[Opitutus terrae PB90-1]

Score = 25.2 bits (52),  Expect =   611
Identities = 7/7 (100%), Positives = 7/7 (100%), Gaps = 0/7 (0%)

Query  3    RAHPALI  9
            RAHPALI 
Sbjct  256  RAHPALI  262

>ref|YP_001757871.1| Gene info putative anti-sigma regulatory factor, serine/threonine protein
kinase [Methylobacterium radiotolerans JCM 2831]
gb|ACB27188.1| Gene info putative anti-sigma regulatory factor, serine/threonine protein
kinase [Methylobacterium radiotolerans JCM 2831]
Length=331

GENE ID: 6141303 Mrad2831_5232 | putative anti-sigma regulatory factor,
serine/threonine protein kinase [Methylobacterium radiotolerans JCM 2831]

Score = 25.2 bits (52),  Expect =   611
Identities = 7/8 (87%), Positives = 8/8 (100%), Gaps = 0/8 (0%)

Query  2    ARAHPALI  9
            ARAHPAL+
Sbjct  299  ARAHPALV  306

>ref|ZP_01466013.1|  hydrolase, TatD family [Stigmatella aurantiaca DW4/3-1]
gb|EAU63211.1|  hydrolase, TatD family [Stigmatella aurantiaca DW4/3-1]
Length=209

Score = 25.2 bits (52),  Expect =   611
Identities = 7/7 (100%), Positives = 7/7 (100%), Gaps = 0/7 (0%)

Query  3   RAHPALI  9
           RAHPALI 
Sbjct  79  RAHPALI  85

>ref|YP_001558323.1| Gene info glycosyl transferase group 1 [Clostridium phytofermentans ISDg]
gb|ABX41584.1| Gene info glycosyl transferase group 1 [Clostridium phytofermentans ISDg]
Length=357

GENE ID: 5743305 Cphy_1206 | glycosyl transferase group 1
[Clostridium phytofermentans ISDg]

Score = 25.2 bits (52),  Expect =   611
Identities = 8/10 (80%), Positives = 8/10 (80%), Gaps = 0/10 (0%)

Query  1    SARAHPALIN  10
            S RAHP LIN 
Sbjct  113  SERAHPLLIN  122

There does not appear to be a perfect match in the NCBI NR protein database. But take a close look at the #1 scoring hit. That is right, it is from and organism called Botryotinia fuckeliana. No comment on the appropriateness of this name, but it does contain a term I will probably use a lot if she gets elected.

Of course, anybody who has heard me blather on and on about evolution knows that I am always talking about how blast top hits are not a good measure of relatedness per se (see my NAR paper where I first talked about this in 1995). So – I decided to build a tree of Sarah Palin. I used the NCBI Distance Tree option which you can do from blast searches.

Since most likely you cannot see that in enough detail – here is a zoom in.

That one did not come through on the Blog so well either so I decided to output the tree in Newick format and then I searched for a program that could draw a better figure on the web (we have tools in my lab to do this but I am trying to do this all on the web as an exercise). And I found a web site that makes drawtree available. And I plugged in the Newick format and it made a nicer one.


Though making trees from really short sequences is not ideal, in this tree, Sarah Palin is shown to be at the root of a branch including a protein from the parasitic nematode Brugia malayi. So if we take an evolutionary interpretation it seems that this causative agent of filariasis (well, a protein from this agent) is descended from SarahPalin. In other words, she seems to be ancestral to this parasite.

So in conclusion – by similarity – SarahPalin is closest to a plant pathogen with an unusual name. And by phylogeny SarahPalin is ancestral to a parasitic nematode. Sounds about right.

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This is from the “Tree of Life Blog”
of Jonathan Eisen, an evolutionary biologist and Open Access advocate
at the University of California, Davis. For short updates, follow me on Twitter.

——–

Science Faux Pas Example #2: V = MA


OK.  This is far and away my favorite Science Faux Pas I have seen.  I cut this out of some magazine many years ago and posted it on my door in college, grad. school and in my previous job, so it is a little beat up.  But you got to hand it to Mathey-Tissot – promoting a precision watch with “Velocity equals mass x acceleration (V = MA).” Must be one heck of an interesting mechanism inside that watch. 

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This is from the “Tree of Life Blog”
of Jonathan Eisen, an evolutionary biologist and Open Access advocate
at the University of California, Davis. For short updates, follow me on Twitter.

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Science Faux Pas Example #1: 97% of internet users have internet access

I am starting a new series here on Science Faux Pas.  Here is one of my favorites from Nature a while back.  They report in this promotion that 97% of Nature’s readers have internet access.  How did they determine this? By an online readers survey.  The real question is – who are the 3% that completed the survey but said they did not have internet access?

I am going to try and make a collection of these over time so if you have any or can point to some out there please let me know.  It may not be as fun as Carl Zimmer’s tattoo series, but there are some doozies out there.

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This is from the “Tree of Life Blog”
of Jonathan Eisen, an evolutionary biologist and Open Access advocate
at the University of California, Davis. For short updates, follow me on Twitter.

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Help save the world and get $100,000 seed grant to do it

Just got this email and thought I would share since it does relate to some of the themes of my blog. I note that the Gates Foundation is VERY supportive of Open Access publishing as one of their previous grants helped support the journal “PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases.” I am hoping that at some point the Gatges Foundation will require OA publishing for all of the projects they fund.

The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation is now accepting grant proposals for Round 2 of Grand Challenges Explorations, a US$100 million initiative to encourage unconventional global health solutions.

Based on your feedback, we have made changes for Round 2 of Grand Challenges Explorations. We modified the topics from Round 1 and added two additional topics. We will no longer require applicants to register for a topic in advance of submitting their proposals. We also updated the application form in response to feedback from the initial round.

Grant proposals are being accepted online at http://www.gcgh.org/explorations until November 2, 2008, on the following topics:

New! — Create new vaccines for diarrhea, HIV, malaria, pneumonia, and tuberculosis
New! — Create new tools to accelerate the eradication of malaria
— Create new ways to protect against infectious diseases
— Create drugs or delivery systems that limit the emergence of resistance
— Create new ways to prevent or cure HIV infection
— Explore the basis for latency in tuberculosis

Initial grants will be $100,000 each, and projects showing promise will have the opportunity to receive additional funding of $1 million or more. Full descriptions of the new topics and application instructions are available at http://www.gcgh.org/explorations.

We are looking forward to receiving innovative ideas from scientists around the world and from all scientific disciplines. Anyone can apply, regardless of education or experience level. If you don’t submit a proposal yourself, we hope you will forward this message to someone else who might be interested.

Thank you for your commitment to solving the world’s greatest health challenges.

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This is from the “Tree of Life Blog”
of Jonathan Eisen, an evolutionary biologist and Open Access advocate
at the University of California, Davis. For short updates, follow me on Twitter.

——–

Quick Post – Spore Sounds Cool

Nothing conclusive here. I have not tried it yet. But Spore sure sounds like a cool evolution game to play. See Carl Zimmer’s NY Times article and his blog for more.

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This is from the “Tree of Life Blog”
of Jonathan Eisen, an evolutionary biologist and Open Access advocate
at the University of California, Davis. For short updates, follow me on Twitter.

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I see PLoS in everything III: PLoS Hats

Thanks to my mom for this one.  PLoS Hats rule.

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This is from the “Tree of Life Blog”
of Jonathan Eisen, an evolutionary biologist and Open Access advocate
at the University of California, Davis. For short updates, follow me on Twitter.

——–

Cool Plant Comparative Genomics Resource: Phytozome

I spent the last few days at a “retreat” for the Joint Genome Institute and heard about a few things there worth sharing with everyone. I will try and post about some of them in the next few days. Here is one. The JGI and the Center for Integrative Genomics have made a pretty cool tool for comparative analyses of plant genomes. It is called Phytozome and has a variety of simple and nice features. JGI is doing more and more work on plant genomes as part of their energy research and I think Phytozome could turn into a good place to go to get the latest plant genome information. Go to http://www.phytozome.net to see the real thing.

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This is from the “Tree of Life Blog”
of Jonathan Eisen, an evolutionary biologist and Open Access advocate
at the University of California, Davis. For short updates, follow me on Twitter.

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